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The Commons
Housing Bubble Threatens Economy -- But What Is the Cause?
Posted by Randal O'Toole  ·  29 May 2005  ·  

The New York Times reports that housing prices in many markets are far too high, at least when compared with rents in the same markets. Nationally, home prices increased from about 12 times annual rents in 2000 to 17 times today. But in many California markets, prices are more than 25 times rents.

This is, of course, just the latest of many reports of a housing "bubble." But few reporters have bothered to ask why some markets have a bubble while other fast-growing markets do not. The usual answer is that the bubbles are on the coast because everyone is moving there, but many fast-growing regions in the West and South do not appear to have a bubble.

The answer appears to be that "smart growth" and other growth-management policies restrict housing supply. Since housing is an inelastic good, a small restriction on supply leads to rapid increases in prices. This brings speculators into the market -- and a large percentage of homes today are being purchased with no-down-payment, interest-only loans by people who don't plan to live in the homes; in other words, speculators.

A list of regions that are suffering bubbles reveals that a very high percentage have implemented some form of growth management such as urban-growth boundaries, greenbelts, or restrictions on building permits.

One exception that probes the rule is Las Vegas, which has remained very affordable despite being the fastest-growing urban area in the U.S. -- until three years ago, when prices started rapidly increasing. Since Nevada is almost entirely federally owned, Las Vegas depends on federal land sales to meet the demand for housing. But environmental restrictions have limited sales in the past few years, limiting housing supply.

As long as builders can keep up with the demand for housing, markets should not suffer bubbles. As long as planners try to impose their visions of utopia on urban areas, homebuyers will suffer high prices and volatile markets. For more information, see my article on smart growth and housing bubbles.

Comments
  1. I'm sorry, but this is an outrageously poor argument.

    It's as if you were to claim that busy emergency rooms are a leading cause of gun violence.

    You have established neither cause nor effect, you have only claimed correlation.

    Posted by: Wake Up at May 31, 2005 04:36 PM
  2. Actually, if you read the article referred to in the blog, I show that slow-growing regions with growth-management controls have fast-growing housing prices, while fast-growing regions with no growth controls or other limits on homebuilders' ability to meet demand have housing prices growing no faster than median incomes.

    You can also download housing price indices published by the Federal Office of Housing Enterprise Oversight (3.8 MB file). The indices show that prices in many regions accelerate on almost exactly the date that growth controls are implemented. For example, Charleston, SC prices kept pace with inflation through 1996, then started rising much faster than inflation. It turns out that a comprehensive zoning ordinance limiting development at the urban fringe was passed in 1996.

    Theory says that if you restrict supply, price will go up. Smart growth and growth management restrict supply. Prices went up in regions that did growth management at much faster rates than in regions that didn't adopt such policies. I think that is enough evidence.

    Posted by: Randal O'Toole at May 31, 2005 07:13 PM
  3. It might be worth taking note of the distinction between a speculator (who purchases something with the intention of profiting entirely from passive appreciation in its market value) and an investor (who purchases something with the intent of profiting by exploiting its utility). People who buy houses and rent them out are investors. People who buy houses and flip them are speculators. Investors are not a significant indicator of a bubble.

    Posted by: Matt at June 3, 2005 04:41 AM
  4. I don't think anyone can define a firm line between "speculator" and "investor" -- we just use one term as a pejorative and the other as a compliment. Regardless, the fact that a much higher percentage of homes are being purchased by people who don't intend to occupy them signifies a change in the market.

    Homes were once thought to be immune to bubbles because people lived in them and didn't plan to sell right away. If a large percentage are held for investment/speculative purchases, the market will be more volatile as prices can drop further and more rapidly when those large numbers of people decide to sell.

    Posted by: Randal O'Toole at June 3, 2005 11:36 AM
  5. But that's kind of my point. It's not buying a house without the intention of personally occupying it that's the problem, it's buying it with the intention of more or less immediately re-selling it. My landlord, for example, is not a contributor to the market bubble...he's owned this house for 10 years now and fully intends to pass it on to his kids when he dies, even though he's never lived in it.

    When anybody besides the brokers is making money by churning the market, it's time to run away.

    Posted by: Matt at June 4, 2005 12:52 AM